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Vue.js 调试技巧

Vue.js 调试是开发过程中的重要环节,掌握有效的调试技巧可以大大提高开发效率。

Vue DevTools

安装和配置

Vue DevTools 是调试 Vue.js 应用最强大的工具:

  1. 浏览器扩展:在 Chrome 或 Firefox 中安装 Vue DevTools 扩展
  2. 独立应用:也可以下载独立的桌面应用版本

主要功能

组件树查看

javascript
// 确保在开发模式下启用 DevTools
const app = createApp({})
app.config.devtools = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'
app.mount('#app')

状态管理调试

  • 查看组件状态 (data, props, computed)
  • 监控组件事件
  • 时间旅行调试 (配合 Vuex/Pinia)

组件调试

使用 $refs

vue
<template>
  <div>
    <input ref="inputRef" type="text" v-model="message" />
    <button @click="focusInput">聚焦输入框</button>
  </div>
</template>

<script setup>
import { ref } from 'vue'

const message = ref('')
const inputRef = ref(null)

const focusInput = () => {
  // 调试:访问 DOM 元素
  console.log(inputRef.value) // <input> 元素
  inputRef.value.focus()
}
</script>

组件实例调试

javascript
// 在组件中访问当前实例
export default {
  name: 'DebugComponent',
  setup() {
    const { ctx } = getCurrentInstance()
    
    // 调试:查看组件实例
    console.log('Component instance:', ctx)
    
    return {}
  }
}

控制台调试技巧

Vue 实例访问

javascript
// 在浏览器控制台中访问 Vue 应用
// 选中一个 Vue 组件元素,然后:
$0.__vue__ // 访问该元素的 Vue 组件实例

// 或者通过全局变量访问根实例
window.app // 如果应用实例被赋值给全局变量

调试工具函数

javascript
// 创建调试辅助函数
export function debug(component, message = '') {
  console.group(`🐛 Debug: ${component.name || 'Unknown'} ${message}`)
  console.log('Props:', component.$.props)
  console.log('Data:', component.$.setupState || component.$data)
  console.log('Computed:', getComputedValues(component))
  console.groupEnd()
}

function getComputedValues(component) {
  const computed = {}
  const keys = Object.keys(component.$.setupState || {})
  keys.forEach(key => {
    const value = component.$.setupState[key]
    if (typeof value === 'function' && value._computed) {
      computed[key] = value.value
    }
  })
  return computed
}

日志记录策略

结构化日志

javascript
// 创建结构化日志记录器
export class VueLogger {
  constructor(componentName) {
    this.componentName = componentName
  }
  
  log(message, data = {}) {
    console.group(`[${this.componentName}] ${message}`)
    console.log('Timestamp:', new Date().toISOString())
    console.log('Data:', data)
    console.trace('Call stack:')
    console.groupEnd()
  }
  
  error(message, error) {
    console.groupCollapsed(`🔴 [${this.componentName}] ERROR: ${message}`)
    console.error(error)
    console.groupEnd()
  }
}

// 使用示例
const logger = new VueLogger('UserProfile')

export default {
  setup() {
    const logger = new VueLogger('UserProfile')
    
    const fetchUser = async (id) => {
      logger.log('Fetching user', { userId: id })
      
      try {
        const user = await userService.getUser(id)
        logger.log('User fetched successfully', { user })
        return user
      } catch (error) {
        logger.error('Failed to fetch user', error)
        throw error
      }
    }
    
    return { fetchUser }
  }
}

响应式系统调试

Watcher 调试

vue
<template>
  <div>
    <p>Count: {{ count }}</p>
    <p>Doubled: {{ doubled }}</p>
    <button @click="increment">Increment</button>
  </div>
</template>

<script setup>
import { ref, computed, watch, watchEffect } from 'vue'

const count = ref(0)
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)

// 调试 watcher
watch(count, (newVal, oldVal) => {
  console.log(`Count changed from ${oldVal} to ${newVal}`)
}, { 
  immediate: true,
  deep: true // 调试深度监听
})

// 调试 watchEffect
const stop = watchEffect(() => {
  console.log(`Side effect: count is ${count.value}`)
})

const increment = () => {
  console.log('Before increment:', count.value)
  count.value++
  console.log('After increment:', count.value)
}

// 调试:停止监听器
// stop()
</script>

异常处理和错误边界

全局错误处理

javascript
// main.js
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'

const app = createApp(App)

// 全局错误处理
app.config.errorHandler = (err, instance, info) => {
  console.error('Global error caught:')
  console.error('Error:', err)
  console.error('Component:', instance)
  console.error('Info:', info)
  
  // 发送到错误监控服务
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
    reportErrorToService(err, info, instance)
  }
}

// 异步错误处理
window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', event => {
  console.error('Unhandled promise rejection:', event.reason)
  reportErrorToService(event.reason)
})

function reportErrorToService(error, info, componentInstance) {
  // 发送错误到监控服务
  console.log('Reporting error to service:', error.message)
}

组件级错误处理

vue
<!-- ErrorBoundary.vue -->
<template>
  <div v-if="!hasError">
    <slot />
  </div>
  <div v-else class="error-boundary">
    <h2>Something went wrong.</h2>
    <p>{{ errorMessage }}</p>
    <button @click="resetError">Try again</button>
  </div>
</template>

<script setup>
import { ref, onErrorCaptured } from 'vue'

const hasError = ref(false)
const errorMessage = ref('')

onErrorCaptured((error, instance, info) => {
  hasError.value = true
  errorMessage.value = error.message
  
  console.error('Error captured by boundary:')
  console.error('Error:', error)
  console.error('Component:', instance)
  console.error('Info:', info)
  
  // 返回 false 阻止错误继续冒泡
  return false
})

const resetError = () => {
  hasError.value = false
  errorMessage.value = ''
}
</script>

性能调试

渲染性能监控

javascript
// 性能监控工具
export class VuePerformanceMonitor {
  constructor() {
    this.timings = new Map()
  }
  
  start(name) {
    this.timings.set(name, performance.now())
  }
  
  end(name) {
    const start = this.timings.get(name)
    if (start) {
      const duration = performance.now() - start
      console.log(`⏱️ ${name} took ${duration.toFixed(2)}ms`)
      this.timings.delete(name)
      return duration
    }
  }
  
  measureFunction(fn, name) {
    return (...args) => {
      this.start(name)
      try {
        const result = fn(...args)
        this.end(name)
        return result
      } catch (error) {
        this.end(name)
        throw error
      }
    }
  }
}

// 使用示例
const perfMonitor = new VuePerformanceMonitor()

export default {
  setup() {
    const heavyCalculation = (data) => {
      // 耗时操作
      return data.map(item => item * 2).filter(item => item > 10)
    }
    
    const monitoredCalculation = perfMonitor.measureFunction(
      heavyCalculation,
      'Heavy calculation'
    )
    
    return { monitoredCalculation }
  }
}

调试工具和库

VueUse 调试工具

javascript
// 使用 VueUse 的调试功能
import { useCounter, useStorage } from '@vueuse/core'
import { watch } from 'vue'

// 调试计数器
const { count, inc, dec } = useCounter(0)

// 监控状态变化
watch(count, (newVal, oldVal) => {
  console.log(`Counter changed: ${oldVal} -> ${newVal}`)
})

// 调试存储
const storage = useStorage('my-store', { name: 'Vue' })
watch(storage, (newVal) => {
  console.log('Storage updated:', newVal)
}, { deep: true })

自定义调试 Hook

javascript
// composables/useDebug.js
import { watch, ref, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue'

export function useDebug(value, name = 'DebugValue') {
  const debugValue = ref(value.value || value)
  
  if (typeof value === 'object' && value !== null) {
    watch(value, (newVal) => {
      debugValue.value = { ...newVal }
      console.log(`🔍 ${name} updated:`, newVal)
    }, { deep: true, immediate: true })
  } else {
    watch(value, (newVal) => {
      debugValue.value = newVal
      console.log(`🔍 ${name} updated:`, newVal)
    }, { immediate: true })
  }
  
  return debugValue
}

// 使用示例
export default {
  setup() {
    const count = ref(0)
    const debugCount = useDebug(count, 'Count')
    
    const user = reactive({ name: 'John', age: 30 })
    const debugUser = useDebug(user, 'User')
    
    return {
      count,
      user,
      debugCount,
      debugUser
    }
  }
}

调试配置

开发环境配置

javascript
// vite.config.js 或 webpack.config.js
export default {
  define: {
    __VUE_OPTIONS_API__: true,
    __VUE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false, // 生产环境禁用 DevTools
  },
  // 开发服务器配置
  server: {
    host: true,
    port: 3000,
    open: true, // 自动打开浏览器
  }
}

调试最佳实践

调试信息组织

javascript
// 创建结构化的调试信息
export function createDebugScope(scopeName) {
  return {
    log: (message, data) => {
      console.group(`🔧 [${scopeName}] ${message}`)
      if (data) console.log('Data:', data)
      console.trace('Stack trace:')
      console.groupEnd()
    },
    
    time: (label) => {
      console.time(`⏱️ [${scopeName}] ${label}`)
    },
    
    timeEnd: (label) => {
      console.timeEnd(`⏱️ [${scopeName}] ${label}`)
    },
    
    table: (data, columns) => {
      console.group(`📊 [${scopeName}] Table`)
      console.table(data, columns)
      console.groupEnd()
    }
  }
}

// 使用示例
const debug = createDebugScope('UserProfile')

export default {
  async setup() {
    debug.log('Component mounting')
    
    debug.time('API call')
    const user = await fetch('/api/user')
    debug.timeEnd('API call')
    
    debug.table([user], ['id', 'name'])
    
    return { user }
  }
}

通过掌握这些调试技巧,可以更高效地开发和维护 Vue.js 应用程序。