GitHub Actions虚拟环境

GitHub Actions提供了一系列预配置的虚拟环境（Virtual Environments），这些环境被称为运行器（Runners）。每个虚拟环境都预装了特定的操作系统、工具和软件包，用于执行工作流中的作业。

虚拟环境概述

GitHub托管的运行器

GitHub提供三种主要的操作系统环境：

Ubuntu：最新的Ubuntu LTS版本
Windows：Windows Server版本
macOS：macOS最新版本

yaml

# .github/workflows/virtual-environments.yml
name: Virtual Environments Example

on: [push]

jobs:
  ubuntu-example:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Ubuntu environment info
        run: |
          echo "OS: $(uname -s)"
          echo "Version: $(lsb_release -a)"
  
  windows-example:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - name: Windows environment info
        run: |
          echo $env:OS
          $PSVersionTable
  
  macos-example:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
      - name: macOS environment info
        run: |
          sw_vers
          uname -a

Ubuntu虚拟环境

Ubuntu版本和支持

yaml

jobs:
  ubuntu-versions:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-20.04]  # 不再支持ubuntu-18.04
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
      - name: Check Ubuntu version
        run: |
          echo "Ubuntu version: $(lsb_release -rs)"
          echo "Codename: $(lsb_release -cs)"
          echo "Kernel: $(uname -r)"

Ubuntu环境预装软件

yaml

jobs:
  check-ubuntu-software:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check pre-installed software
        run: |
          # 版本管理工具
          echo "rbenv: $(which rbenv)"
          echo "nvm: $(which nvm)"
          echo "sdkman: $(which sdkman)"
          
          # 语言运行时
          echo "Node.js: $(node --version)"
          echo "Python: $(python3 --version)"
          echo "Java: $(java -version 2>&1 | head -1)"
          echo "Ruby: $(ruby --version)"
          echo "Go: $(go version)"
          echo "PHP: $(php --version | head -1)"
          echo "Perl: $(perl --version | head -2 | tail -1)"
          
          # 构建工具
          echo "GCC: $(gcc --version | head -1)"
          echo "Clang: $(clang --version | head -1)"
          echo "CMake: $(cmake --version | head -1)"
          echo "Make: $(make --version | head -1)"
          
          # 容器工具
          echo "Docker: $(docker --version)"
          echo "Docker Compose: $(docker-compose --version)"
          
          # 版本控制系统
          echo "Git: $(git --version)"
          echo "Mercurial: $(hg --version)"
          
          # 数据库客户端
          echo "PostgreSQL: $(psql --version)"
          echo "MySQL: $(mysql --version)"
          echo "SQLite: $(sqlite3 --version)"

Ubuntu环境特定配置

yaml

jobs:
  ubuntu-configuration:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Ubuntu configuration
        run: |
          # 系统信息
          echo "System: $(uname -a)"
          echo "Architecture: $(uname -m)"
          
          # 磁盘空间
          df -h
          
          # 内存信息
          free -h
          
          # CPU信息
          nproc
          lscpu | head -10
          
          # 环境变量
          echo "Home: $HOME"
          echo "Tmp: $TMPDIR"
          echo "PATH: $PATH"

Windows虚拟环境

Windows版本和支持

yaml

jobs:
  windows-versions:
    runs-on: windows-latest  # 当前是windows-2022
    steps:
      - name: Check Windows version
        run: |
          $PSVersionTable
          Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object WindowsProductName, WindowsVersion, WindowsBuildLabEx

Windows环境预装软件

yaml

jobs:
  check-windows-software:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check pre-installed software
        shell: pwsh
        run: |
          # .NET Framework
          Write-Output ".NET Framework:"
          Get-ChildItem 'HKLM:\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\NET Framework Setup\\NDP' -Recurse |
          Get-ItemProperty -Name Version, CBS -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
          Where-Object { $_.PSChildName -Match '^(?!S)\\p{L}' } |
          Select-Object PSChildName, Version
          
          # .NET Core/.NET
          Write-Output "`n.NET SDK versions:"
          dotnet --list-sdks
          
          # Node.js
          Write-Output "`nNode.js: $(node --version)"
          
          # Python
          Write-Output "Python: $(python --version)"
          Write-Output "Python3: $(python3 --version)"
          
          # Java
          Write-Output "Java: $(java -version 2>&1 | Select-Object -First 1)"
          
          # PowerShell
          Write-Output "PowerShell: $($PSVersionTable.PSVersion)"
          
          # Git
          Write-Output "Git: $(git --version)"
          
          # Docker
          Write-Output "Docker: $(docker --version)"
          
          # Chocolatey
          Write-Output "Chocolatey: $(choco --version)"

Windows环境特定配置

yaml

jobs:
  windows-configuration:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Windows configuration
        shell: pwsh
        run: |
          # 系统信息
          systeminfo | Select-String "OS Name", "OS Version", "System Type"
          
          # 磁盘空间
          Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_LogicalDisk | Select-Object DeviceID, Size, FreeSpace
          
          # 内存信息
          Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_PhysicalMemory | Measure-Object -Property Capacity -Sum | ForEach-Object {"$([math]::Round($_.Sum / 1GB, 2)) GB RAM"}
          
          # 环境变量
          Write-Output "TEMP: $env:TEMP"
          Write-Output "USERPROFILE: $env:USERPROFILE"
          Write-Output "PATH: $env:PATH"

macOS虚拟环境

macOS版本和支持

yaml

jobs:
  macos-versions:
    runs-on: macos-latest  # 当前是macos-13
    steps:
      - name: Check macOS version
        run: |
          sw_vers
          uname -a
          system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType | grep "System Version"

macOS环境预装软件

yaml

jobs:
  check-macos-software:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check pre-installed software
        run: |
          # Xcode Command Line Tools
          echo "Xcode CLT: $(xcode-select --print-path)"
          
          # Homebrew
          echo "Homebrew: $(brew --version)"
          
          # Languages
          echo "Node.js: $(node --version)"
          echo "Python: $(python3 --version)"
          echo "Java: $(java -version 2>&1 | head -1)"
          echo "Ruby: $(ruby --version)"
          echo "Go: $(go version)"
          echo "Swift: $(swift --version)"
          
          # Build tools
          echo "GCC: $(gcc --version | head -1)"
          echo "Clang: $(clang --version | head -1)"
          echo "Make: $(make --version | head -1)"
          
          # Version control
          echo "Git: $(git --version)"
          
          # Package managers
          echo "Homebrew packages:"
          brew list | head -10

macOS环境特定配置

yaml

jobs:
  macos-configuration:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check macOS configuration
        run: |
          # 系统信息
          uname -a
          sysctl hw.ncpu hw.memsize
          
          # 磁盘空间
          df -h
          
          # 环境变量
          echo "HOME: $HOME"
          echo "TMPDIR: $TMPDIR"
          echo "PATH: $PATH"

环境变量和路径

预定义环境变量

yaml

jobs:
  environment-variables:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Display environment variables
        run: |
          case $RUNNER_OS in
            Linux)
              echo "OS: Linux"
              echo "Temp: $RUNNER_TEMP"
              echo "Tool Cache: $RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"
              echo "Workspace: $GITHUB_WORKSPACE"
              ;;
            Windows)
              echo "OS: Windows"
              echo "Temp: $env:RUNNER_TEMP"
              echo "Tool Cache: $env:RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"
              echo "Workspace: $env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE"
              ;;
            macOS)
              echo "OS: macOS"
              echo "Temp: $RUNNER_TEMP"
              echo "Tool Cache: $RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"
              echo "Workspace: $GITHUB_WORKSPACE"
              ;;
          esac
        shell: bash

工具缓存

GitHub提供工具缓存来加速安装过程：

yaml

jobs:
  tool-cache-example:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Setup Node.js with caching
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '18'
          cache: 'npm'  # 启用npm依赖缓存
      
      - name: Setup Python with caching
        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'
          cache: 'pip'  # 启用pip依赖缓存
      
      - name: Setup Java with caching
        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          distribution: 'temurin'
          java-version: '17'
          cache: 'maven'  # 启用Maven依赖缓存

自定义环境配置

安装额外软件

yaml

jobs:
  custom-software:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Install custom software on Ubuntu
        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
        run: |
          sudo apt-get update
          sudo apt-get install -y redis-tools
          redis-cli --version
      
      - name: Install custom software on Windows
        if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
        run: |
          choco install -y redis-64
          redis-cli --version
        shell: cmd
      
      - name: Install custom software on macOS
        if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
        run: |
          brew install redis
          redis-cli --version

使用Docker容器

yaml

jobs:
  docker-container:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
      image: node:18-alpine
      env:
        NODE_ENV: production
    steps:
      - name: Use Docker container
        run: |
          echo "Running in Node.js container"
          node --version
          npm --version

硬件规格

运行器硬件规格

yaml

jobs:
  hardware-specs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Check hardware specs
        run: |
          case $RUNNER_OS in
            Linux)
              echo "CPU cores: $(nproc)"
              echo "Memory: $(free -g | awk '/^Mem:/{print $2}') GB"
              echo "Disk space: $(df -BG / --output=avail | tail -1 | tr -d ' ') GB"
              ;;
            Windows)
              echo "CPU cores: $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS"
              $memory = Get-CimInstance Win32_ComputerSystem | Select-Object TotalPhysicalMemory
              echo "Memory: $([math]::Round($memory.TotalPhysicalMemory / 1GB)) GB"
              ;;
            macOS)
              echo "CPU cores: $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)"
              echo "Memory: $(sysctl -n hw.memsize | awk '{print int($1/1024/1024/1024)}') GB"
              echo "Disk space: $(df -g / | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}') GB"
              ;;
          esac

网络和防火墙

网络访问

yaml

jobs:
  network-access:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Test network connectivity
        run: |
          case $RUNNER_OS in
            Linux|macOS)
              ping -c 3 google.com
              curl -I https://httpbin.org/status/200
              ;;
            Windows)
              ping -n 3 google.com
              Invoke-RestMethod -Uri https://httpbin.org/status/200
              ;;
          esac

时区和区域设置

时区配置

yaml

jobs:
  timezone-info:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Check timezone
        run: |
          case $RUNNER_OS in
            Linux)
              timedatectl
              echo "Current time: $(date)"
              ;;
            Windows)
              tzutil /g
              echo "Current time: $(Get-Date)"
              ;;
            macOS)
              systemsetup -gettimezone
              echo "Current time: $(date)"
              ;;
          esac

限制和配额

使用限制

GitHub Actions有以下限制：

执行时间：每个作业最多运行6小时
存储空间：每个仓库最多500MB
并发作业：免费账户有限制，付费账户有更高的限制
网络带宽：有合理的使用限制

yaml

jobs:
  check-limits:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Demonstrate timeout handling
        run: |
          # 模拟长时间运行的任务
          for i in {1..360}; do  # 最多运行360次，每次10秒 = 60分钟
            echo "Running iteration $i at $(date)"
            sleep 10
            
            # 检查是否接近超时
            if [ $i -gt 1080 ]; then  # 1080 * 10秒 = 3小时
              echo "Approaching timeout, stopping gracefully"
              break
            fi
          done
        timeout-minutes: 360  # 6小时超时

自托管运行器

自托管运行器配置

除了GitHub托管的运行器，还可以使用自托管运行器：

yaml

jobs:
  self-hosted-example:
    runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, x64]  # 使用自定义标签
    steps:
      - name: Run on self-hosted runner
        run: |
          echo "Running on self-hosted runner"
          echo "This runner has custom configuration"
          # 可以访问内部网络和服务

最佳实践

1. 选择合适的环境

yaml

# 根据项目需求选择环境
jobs:
  cross-platform-tests:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:
      - name: Run tests on ${{ matrix.os }}
        run: npm test

2. 利用缓存

yaml

jobs:
  cached-build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Cache dependencies
        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ~/.npm
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-node-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}
          restore-keys: |
            ${{ runner.os }}-node-
      
      - name: Install and build
        run: |
          npm ci
          npm run build

3. 环境特定优化

yaml

jobs:
  optimized-for-os:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
    steps:
      - name: OS-specific optimizations
        run: |
          if [ "$RUNNER_OS" == "Linux" ]; then
            echo "Running on Linux - optimizing for performance"
            export NODE_OPTIONS="--max-old-space-size=4096"
          elif [ "$RUNNER_OS" == "Windows" ]; then
            echo "Running on Windows - adjusting for Windows specifics"
            # Windows-specific configurations
          fi
          
          npm run build

通过理解GitHub Actions虚拟环境的特性和配置，可以更好地利用这些环境来构建、测试和部署应用程序，同时确保跨平台兼容性。

GitHub Actions虚拟环境 #

虚拟环境概述 #

GitHub托管的运行器 #

Ubuntu虚拟环境 #

Ubuntu版本和支持 #

Ubuntu环境预装软件 #

Ubuntu环境特定配置 #

Windows虚拟环境 #

Windows版本和支持 #

Windows环境预装软件 #

Windows环境特定配置 #

macOS虚拟环境 #

macOS版本和支持 #

macOS环境预装软件 #

macOS环境特定配置 #

环境变量和路径 #

预定义环境变量 #

工具缓存 #

自定义环境配置 #

安装额外软件 #

使用Docker容器 #

硬件规格 #

运行器硬件规格 #

网络和防火墙 #

网络访问 #

时区和区域设置 #

时区配置 #

限制和配额 #

使用限制 #

自托管运行器 #

自托管运行器配置 #

最佳实践 #

1. 选择合适的环境 #

2. 利用缓存 #

3. 环境特定优化 #

GitHub Actions虚拟环境

虚拟环境概述

GitHub托管的运行器

Ubuntu虚拟环境

Ubuntu版本和支持

Ubuntu环境预装软件

Ubuntu环境特定配置

Windows虚拟环境

Windows版本和支持

Windows环境预装软件

Windows环境特定配置

macOS虚拟环境

macOS版本和支持

macOS环境预装软件

macOS环境特定配置

环境变量和路径

预定义环境变量

工具缓存

自定义环境配置

安装额外软件

使用Docker容器

硬件规格

运行器硬件规格

网络和防火墙

网络访问

时区和区域设置

时区配置

限制和配额

使用限制

自托管运行器

自托管运行器配置

最佳实践

1. 选择合适的环境

2. 利用缓存

3. 环境特定优化