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Nginx 基础配置

Nginx的配置文件结构清晰，功能强大。本章将详细介绍Nginx的基础配置。

配置文件结构

Nginx的配置文件采用层次结构，主要包含以下几个部分：

  • main(全局设置): 全局配置参数
  • events(事件设置): 连接处理相关配置
  • http(主服务器设置): HTTP服务器相关配置

全局配置块 

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

Events块 

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

HTTP块 

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    
    # 日志格式
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

服务器块配置

服务器块(server block)用于定义虚拟主机配置：

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Location块详解

Location块用于定义URL路径的处理规则：

location /images/ {
    root /var/www/images;
}

location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ {
    expires 1y;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}

常用配置指令

重定向配置 

server {
    server_name www.example.com;
    return 301 $scheme://example.com$request_uri;
}

静态文件服务 

location /static/ {
    alias /var/www/static/;
    expires 30d;
    add_header Cache-Control "public";
}

Gzip压缩 

gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_min_length 1024;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml;